igcse济学单元16个不同发展阶段.pdfVIP

SECTION VII – DEVELOPED AND DEVELO PAL/iGCSE Economics COUNTRIES UNIT 42 – DIFFERENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT By of the unit, students should be able to ex in: The ma haracteristics of develo economies in terms of: Economic structure, population growth rates and structure, e levels, savings levels, e distribution, technological innovation, measures of living standards (healthcare, educati c.) Why these characteristics often lead to lower standards of living. The benefits to an economy and its citizens of development. DEVELOPMENT •Characteristics of developed economies • High es and living standards, a high proportion of workers in the tertiary sector, high levels of productivity and high levels of investment. • Develo economies tend to have lower standards of living and es, along with a concentration of labour in the primary sector, as well as lower levels of productivity. •Countries can be classified according to various factors; we will look at e and human development. •The World Bank Divides countries into four categories; High e, ECONOMIC STRUCTURE TECHNOLOGICAL INDEX AS A FUNCTION OF NATIONAL E CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELO ECONOMIES • Low es per head • Low levels of saving • Low life expectancy and high infant mortality rates • High rates of population growth leading to a high dependency ratio. • Low levels of education and healthcare. • Low levels of capital goods and infrastructure. • Poor housing and sanitation. • Relatively high proportion of workers employed in the primary sector. • Exports are therefore mainly primary sector products. MEASURES OF DEVELOPMENT What is the main measure, besides GDP per head, used to measure development? The Human Development Index (HDI).  What extra factors are luded in the HDI?  life expectancy and