Semantics语义学分析和总结.docxVIP

Semantics What is Semantics? Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences.语义学是研究单词、短语和句子的意义的学科 Geoffrey Leech 利奇 Seven types of meaning7 种意义类型: ①Conceptual meaning 概念意义 ②Connotative meaning 内涵意义 ③Social meaning 社会意义 ④Affective meaning 感情意义 Associative Meaning 联想意义（②——⑥） ⑤Reflected meaning 反射意义 ⑥Collocative meaning 搭配意义 ⑦Thematic meaning 主位意义 Conceptual meaning (概念意义) is also called “denotative”（外延义）and it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to.概念意义也叫外延义，它关注词语跟它所指称事物之间的联系 Conceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary. Associative meaning (联想意义) is the total of all the meanings a person thinks of when they hear the word Associative meaning is the meaning which a word suggests or implies. Thematic meaning (主位意义) is “what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.”它是由词序和词语重音所决定的 The Referential Theory（指称理论）： ① The Referential Theory ② The Semantic Triangle ③ Sense and Reference The referential theory 指称理论 is the theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to.指称论是把词语意义跟它所指称的事物联系起来的理论 The semantic triangle 语意三角 is the indirect relation between a word and a thing it refers to and it is mediated by concept.语意三角指词和所指事物之间没有直接关系，它们是以概念为中介的 Sense (涵义) is a set of properties possessed by a name. Reference (指称) is the symbolic relationship that a linguistic expression has with the concrete object. The sense of an expression is the thought it expresses, while its reference is the object it represents Every word has a sense, but not every word has a reference. Sense Relations 涵义关系 ①Synonymy（同义关系） ②Antonymy（反义关系） （Gradable、Complementary、Converse） ③Hyponymy（上下义关系） But total synonymy is rare. They may differ in style, connotations and dialect. Gradable antonymy (等级反义关系) 、Complementary antonymy (互补反义关系)、Converse antonymy (反向反义关系) Componential analysis is an approach to the study of meaning which analyses a word into a set of meaning c