北师大版高中英语选择性必修第四册UNIT 10课件.ppt

UNIT10CONNECTIONS美文导入素养解读：近几年英语高考的突出特点是坚持能力立意，突出对核心素养的考查。下面这篇文章就是围绕“思维品质”这一学科素养展开的。文章介绍了与本单元话题紧密相关的“小世界理论”在社交网络中广泛运用的情况，有助于提升同学们多方面地了解人际交往的基本原理，从而拓宽自己对人际关系、人与社会的理解。主题：人与社会学科素养：思维品质难度系数：★★★★★【语篇导读】本文简单介绍了“小世界理论”的原理及其在社交网络中的广泛运用。TheSmall-WorldPhenomenonandDecentralisedSearchThesmall-worldphenomenon—theprinciplethatwearealllinkedbyshortchainsofacquaintances,or“sixdegreesofseparation”—isafundamentalissueinsocialnetworks.Itisabasicstatementabouttheabundanceofshortpathsinagraphwhosenodesarepeople,withlinksjoiningpairswhoknowoneanother.Itisalsoatopiconwhichthefeedbackbetweensocial,mathematical,andcomputationalissueshasbeenparticularlyfluid.TheproblemhasitsrootsinexperimentsperformedbythesocialpsychologistStanleyMilgraminthe1960s.TotraceoutshortpathsthroughthesocialnetworkoftheUnitedStates,heaskedparticipantstoforwardalettertoa“targetperson”livingnearBoston,withtherestrictionthateachparticipantcouldadvancetheletteronlybyforwardingittoasingleacquaintance.Milgramfoundthatthemediancompletedchainlengthwassix.Whyshouldasocialnetworkcontainsuchshortpaths?Workingmuchmorerecently,appliedmathematiciansDuncanWattsandSteveStrogatzproposedthinkingaboutnetworkswiththissmall-worldpropertyasasuperposition:ahighlyclustered(成群的)sub-networkconsistingofthe“localacquaintances”ofnodes,togetherwithacollectionofrandomlong-rangeshortcutsthathelpproduceshortpaths.Inadditiontoempiricalstudiesofsocial,technological,andbiologicalnetworks,WattsandStrogatzconsideredthefollowingsimplemodelsystem:Startwithad-dimensionallatticenetwork(晶格网络),andaddasmallnumberoflong-rangelinksoutofeachnode,todestinationschosenuniformlyatrandom.Anetworkcreatedbythissuperpositionwillhavelocalclusteringandshortpaths,justlikemanyofthenetwor