新高考2024届高考英语第一轮专项冲刺限时集训——阅读理解：说明文（含答案）.pdfVIP

新高考2024届高考英语第一轮专项冲刺限时集训

——阅读理解：说明文

说明文所选材料题材丰富多样，涉及社会、科技、文化、生活、人物、教育、生态、安

全等方面。在高考英语阅读理解中，说明文所占比重尤为突出。它既要求考生能熟练运用词

汇和语法知识、理解文章语句、把握语篇整体结构，还要求学生有大量的阅读积淀和知识储

备，熟悉不同的话题和不同的题目考查方式。即便是细节理解题，大多数情况下考生也无法

从文章中直接找到与选项表述完全一致的信息，而是需要在理解文章细节信息后作出归纳和

判断。通常一套卷中主旨大意、词义猜测、写作意图/观点态度类高难度试题的考查数量为2

道左右，说明文考查此类题目的频率较高，且命题点呈多样化。

（2023年新高考I卷D篇）OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGalton

publishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.

Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalarge

numberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.

Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthe

same.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughofthese

errorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.If

peoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.In

moretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Iffor

whateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewill

godown.

ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassic

phenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmaller

groupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccurate

thanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfrom

theestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverage

obtainedfrom20independentindividuals.

Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseof

whatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.