基础化学基础化学 (14).pdf

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SECTION2.8

NamingInorganicCompounds109

2.8∣NamingInorganicCompounds

Thenamesandchemicalformulasofcompoundsareessentialvocabularyinchemistry.

Thesystemusedinnamingsubstancesiscalledchemicalnomenclature,fromthe

Latinwordsnomen(name)andcalare(tocall).

Therearemorethan50millionknownchemicalsubstances.Namingthemall

wouldbeahopelesslycomplicatedtaskifeachhadanameindependentofalloth-

ers.Manyimportantsubstancesthathavebeenknownforalongtime,suchaswater

1HO2andammonia1NH2,dohavetraditionalnames(calledcommonnames).For

mostsubstances,however,werelyonasetofrulesthatleadstoaninformativeand

uniquenamethatconveysthecompositionofthesubstance.

Therulesforchemicalnomenclaturearebasedonthedivisionofsubstancesinto

categories.Themajordivisionisbetweenorganicandinorganiccompounds.Organic

compoundscontaincarbonandhydrogen,oftenincombinationwithoxygen,nitrogen,

orotherelements.Allothersareinorganiccompounds.Earlychemistsassociatedorganic

compoundswithplantsandanimalsandinorganiccompoundswiththenonlivingpor-

tionofourworld.Althoughthisdistinctionisnolongerpertinent,theclassification

betweenorganicandinorganiccompoundscontinuestobeuseful.Inthissection,we

considerthebasicrulesfornamingthreecategoriesofinorganiccompounds:ioniccom-

pounds,acids,andmolecularcompounds.

NamesandFormulasofIonicCompounds

RecallfromSection2.7thationiccompoundsusuallyconsistofmetalionscombined

withnonmetalions.Themetalsformthecations,andthenonmetalsformtheanions.

1.Cations

a.Cationsformedfrommetalatomshavet

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