Chapter_7 语言学.分析和总结.docx

LanguageandCulture

Whatisculture?

Chapter7Language,Culture,andSociety

Broadlyspeaking,itmeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguage.

Inanarrowsense,itreferstolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms.

TherelationshipbetweenLC

Generally,therelationofLtoCisthatofparttowhole,forLispartofC.

Theknowledgeandbeliefsthatconstituteapeople’sculturearehabituallyencodedandtransmittedinL.

LisanindispensablecarrierofC.Culturefindsabetterrepresentationthroughlanguageuse.

Anthropologicalstudyoflinguistics:studyoflanguageinasocioculturalcontext.

BronislawMalinowski(1884-1942):

Themeaningofawordgreatlydependsuponitsoccurrenceinagivencontext.

Languagefunctionsasalinkinhumanactivity,amodeofaction.

J.R.Firth(1890-1960):theoryof contextofsituation

Therelevantfeaturesoftheparticipants:persons,personalities.

Therelevantobjects.

Theeffectsoftheverbalaction.

Fishman(1972):sociolinguisticsstudies“whospeakswhattowhomandwhenandtowhat

end”

DellHymes(1927- ):Ethnographyofcommunication交际民族学

Speechsituation.

Situation,event,andact.

SPEAKING:situation,participants,ends,actsequence,key,instrumentalities,norms,andgenres

Sapir-WhorfHypothesis

EdwardSapir(1884-1939)andBenjaminLeeWhorf(1897-1941)

Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmay

probablyexpressspeakers’uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.

Linguisticdeterminism:Lmaydetermineourthinkingpatterns.

Linguisticrelativity:similaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative.Thegreaterthedifferentiationis,themorediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldwillbe.

English:horseshoe

French:feracheval——ironforhorse

German:hufeisen——hoofiron

TheEskimoshavecountlesswordsforsnow.TheArabs,forcamels.

Linguisticevidence