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第六章遗传和遗传物质讲课教师：牛登科/teachers/niudk.htmdkniu@010传和遗传物质专家讲座第1页
CharlesDarwinWhenCharlesDarwinproposedhistheoryofevolutionin1859,oneofitsmajorproblemswasthelackofanunderlyingmechanismforheredity.Darwinbelievedinamixofblendinginheritanceandtheinheritanceofacquiredtraits(pangenesis).Blendinginheritancewouldleadtouniformityacrosspopulationsinonlyafewgenerationsandthuswouldremovevariationfromapopulationonwhichnaturalselectioncouldact.ThisledtoDarwinadoptingsomeLamarckianideasinlatereditionsofOntheOriginofSpeciesandhislaterbiologicalworks.Theinheritanceofacquiredtraitswasshowntohavelittlebasisinthe1880swhenAugustWeismanncutthetailsoffmanygenerationsofmiceandfoundthattheiroffspringcontinuedtodeveloptails.遗传和遗传物质专家讲座第2页
/wiki/Gregor_MendelGregorMendelwasinspiredbybothhisprofessorsattheUniversityofOlomouc(i.e.FriedrichFranzJohannKarlNestler)andhiscolleaguesatthemonastery(e.g.,FranzDiebl)tostudyvariationinplants,andheconductedhisstudyinthemonasterys2hectareexperimentalgarden.Between1856and1863Mendelcultivatedandtestedsome29,000peaplants(i.e.,Pisumsativum).Hisexperimentsledhimtomaketwogeneralizations,theLawofSegregationandtheLawofIndependentAssortment,whichlaterbecameknownasMendelsLawsofInheritance.WhenMendelspaperwaspublishedin1866in?VerhandlungendesnaturforschendenVereinsBrünn,?itwasseenasessentiallyabouthybridizationratherthaninheritanceandhadlittleimpactandwascitedaboutthreetimesoverthenextthirty-fiveyears.?GregorMendelFatherofgenetics遗传和遗传物质专家讲座第3页
Aftercompletinghisworkwithpeas,Mendelturnedtoexperimentingwithhoneybeestoextendhisworktoanimals.Heproducedahybridstrain,butfailedtogenerateaclearpictureoftheirhereditybecauseofthedifficultiesincontrollingmatingbehaviorsofqueenbees.Hea
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