托福阅读tpo45R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识.pdf

托福阅读tpo45R-3FeedingStrategiesInTheOcean

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原文

FeedingStrategiesInTheOcean

①Intheopensea,animalscanoftenfindfoodreliablyavailablein

particularregionsorseasons(eg.,incoastalareasinspringtime).In

thesecircumstances,animalsareneitherconstrainedtogetthelast

calorieoutoftheirdietnorisenergyconservationahighpriority.In

contrast,thefoodlevelsinthedeeperlayersoftheoceanaregreatly

reduced,andtheenergyconstraintsontheanimalsaremuchmore

severe.Tosurviveatthoselevels,animalsmustmaximizetheirenergy

input,findingandeatingwhateverpotentialfoodsourcemaybe

present.

②Inthenear-surfacelayers,therearemanylarge,fastcarnivoresas

wellasanimmensevarietyofplanktonicanimals,whichfeedon

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plankton(small,free-floatingplantsoranimals)byfilteringthemfrom

currentsofwaterthatpassthroughaspecializedanatomicalstructure.

Thesefilter-feedersthriveinthewell-illuminatedsurfacewaters

becauseoceanshavesomanyverysmallorganisms,frombacteriato

largealgaetolarvalcrustaceans.Evenfishescanbecomesuccessful

filter-feedersinsomecircumstances.Althoughthevastmajorityof

marinefishesarecarnivores,innear-surfaceregionsofhigh

productivitytheconcentrationsoflargerphytoplankton(theplant

componentofplankton)aresufficienttosupporthugepopulationsof

filter-feedingsardinesandanchovies.Thesesmallfishesusetheirgill

filamentstostrainoutthealgaethatdominatesuchareas.Sardines

andanchoviesprovidethebasisforhugecommercialfisheriesaswell

asafoodresourceforlargenumbersoflocalcarnivores,particularly

seabirds.Atamuchlargerscale,baleenwhalesandwhalesharksare

alsoefficientfilter-feedersinproductivecoastalorpolarwaters,

although