线性代数-英文讲义.doc

Chapter4LinearTransformations

Inthischapter,weintroducethegeneralconceptoflineartransformationfromavectorspaceintoavectorspace.But,wemainlyfocusonlineartransformationsfromto.

§1DefinitionandExamples

Newwordsandphrases

Mapping映射

Lineartransformation线性变换

Linearoperator线性算子

Dilation扩张

Contraction收缩

Projection投影

Reflection反射

Counterclockwisedirection反时针方向

Clockwisedirection顺时针方向

Image像

Kernel核

1.1Definition

★DefinitionAmapping(映射)L:V?Wisarulethatproducesacorrespondencebetweentwosetsofelementssuchthattoeachelementinthefirstsettherecorrespondsoneandonlyoneelementinthesecondset.

★DefinitionAmappingLfromavectorspaceVintoavectorspaceWissaidtobealineartransformation〔线性变换〕if

(1)

forallandforallscalarsand.

(1)isequivalentto

(2)forany

and

(3)foranyandscalar.

Notation:AmappingLfromavectorspaceVintoavectorspaceWisdenoted

L:V?W

WhenWandVarethesamevectorspace,wewillrefertoalineartransformationL:V?VasalinearoperatoronV.ThusalinearoperatorisalineartransformationthatmapsavectorspaceVintoitself.

1.2LinearOperatorson

Dilations(扩张)andContractions

LetLbetheoperatordefinedby

L(x)=kx

thenthisisalinearoperator.Ifkisapositivescalar,thenthelinearoperatorcanbethoughtofasastretchingorshrinkingbyafactorofk.

Projection〔投影〕ontothecoordinateaxes.

L(x)=

L(x)=

Reflections(反射)aboutanaxis

LetLbetheoperatordefinedby

L(x)=,thenitisalinearoperator.TheoperatorLhastheeffectofreflectingvectorsaboutthex-axis.

Reflectingaboutthey-axis

L(x)=,

Rotations

L(x)=,Lhastheeffectofrotatingeachvectorby90degreesinthecounterclockwisedirection〔逆时针方向〕.

1.3LinearTransformationsfromto

IfAisanmxnmatrix,thenwecandefinealineartransformationfromtoby

Itiseasytoverifyth