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11.7
QuadricSurfaces
Tosketchthegraphofasurface,itis
usefultodeterminethecurvesofintersectionofthesurfacewithplanesparalleltothecoordinateplanes.Thesecurvesarecalledtraces(orcross-sections)ofthesurface.TRACES
CYLINDERAcylinderisasurfacethatconsistsof
alllines(calledrulings)thatareparallel
toagivenlineandpassthroughagivenplanecurve.
CYLINDERSSketchthegraphofthesurfacez=x2Noticethattheequationofthegraph,z=x2,
doesn’tinvolvey.Thismeansthatanyverticalplanewithequationy=k(paralleltothexz-plane)intersectsthegraphinacurvewithequationz=x2.So,theseverticaltracesareparabolas.Example1
Thefigureshowshowthegraphisformedbytakingtheparabolaz=x2inthexz-planeandmovingitinthedirectionofthey-axis.Example1CYLINDERS
Thegraphisasurface,calledaparaboliccylinder,madeupofinfinitelymanyshiftedcopiesofthesameparabola.Here,therulingsof
thecylinderareparallel
tothey-axis.Example1PARABOLICCYLINDER
InExample1,wenoticedthevariableyismissingfromtheequationofthecylinder.Thisistypicalofasurfacewhoserulingsareparallel
tooneofthecoordinateaxes.Ifoneofthevariablesx,y,orzismissingfromtheequationofasurface,thenthesurfaceisacylinder.CYLINDERS
Identifyandsketchthesurfaces.x2+y2=1y2+z2=1Example2CYLINDERS
Here,zismissingandtheequations
x2+y2=1,z=krepresentacirclewith
radius1intheplanez=k.Example2aCYLINDERS
Inthiscase,xismissingandthesurfaceisacircularcylinderwhoseaxisisthex-axis.Itisobtainedbytaking
thecircley2+z2=1,
x=0intheyz-plane,
andmovingitparallel
tothex-axis.Example2bCYLINDERS
QUADRICSURFACEAquadricsurfaceisthegraph
ofasecond-degreeequationin
threevariablesx,y,andz.Themostgeneralsuchequationis:
Ax2+By2+Cz2+Dxy+Eyz
+Fxz+Gx+Hy+Iz+J=0A,B,C,…,Jareco
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