极坐标曲线切线弧长面积为了求出高数calc 10.pptx

10.3TangentLines,ArcLengthsandAreaforPolarCurves

TANGENTSTOPOLARCURVESTofindatangentlinetoapolarcurver=f(θ),weregardθasaparameterandwriteitsparametricequationsas:

x=rcosθ=f(θ)cosθy=rsinθ=f(θ)sinθ

TANGENTSTOPOLARCURVESThen,usingthemethodforfindingslopesofparametriccurves(Equation2inSection10.2)andtheProductRule,wehave:Equation3

TANGENTSTOPOLARCURVESNoticethat,ifwearelookingfortangent

linesatthepole,thenr=0andEquation3simplifiesto:

TANGENTSTOPOLARCURVESForthecardioidr=1+sinθ,findtheslopeofthetangentlinewhen

θ=π/3.Findthepointsonthecardioidwhere

thetangentlineishorizontalorvertical.Example9

TANGENTSTOPOLARCURVESUsingEquation3withr=1+sinθ,wehave:Example9

TANGENTSTOPOLARCURVESTheslopeofthetangentatthepointwhere

θ=π/3is:Example9a

TANGENTSTOPOLARCURVESObservethat:Hence,therearehorizontaltangentsat

thepoints(2,π/2),(?,7π/6),(?,11π/6)

andverticaltangentsat(3/2,π/6),(3/2,5π/6)Example9b

TANGENTSTOPOLARCURVESWhenθ=3π/2,bothdy/dθanddx/dθare0.So,wemustbecareful.Usingl’Hospital’sRule,wehave:Example9b

TANGENTSTOPOLARCURVESBysymmetry,Example9b

TANGENTSTOPOLARCURVESThus,thereisaverticaltangentline

atthepole.Example9b

GRAPHINGPOLARCURVESMostcases,weneedtouseagraphingcalculatororcomputerwhenfacedwithcurvesascomplicatedasshown.

ARCLENGTHTofindthelengthofapolarcurver=f(θ),

a≤θ≤b,weregardθasaparameterandwritetheparametricequationsofthecurve

as: x=rcosθ=f(θ)cosθ y=rsinθ=f(θ)sinθ

ARCLENGTHUsingtheProductRuleanddifferentiating

withrespecttoθ,weobtain:

ARCLENGTHSo,usingcos2θ+sin2θ=1,wehave:

ARCLENGTHAssumingthatf’iscontinuous,wecan

useTheorem6inSection10.2towrite

thearclengthas:Therefore,thelengthofacurvewithpolarequationr=f(θ),a≤θ