腈制备方法如下columbia有机化学课件20 html1.pptx

腈制备方法如下columbia有机化学课件20 html1.pptx

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20.18

PreparationofNitriles

nucleophilicsubstitutionbycyanideon

alkylhalides(Sections8.1and8.13)cyanohydrinformation(Section17.7)dehydrationofamidesPreparationofNitrilesNitrilesarepreparedby:

Example(95%)CH3(CH2)8CH2ClKCNethanol-

waterCH3(CH2)8CH2CNSN2

Example(75%)KCNH+CH3CH2CCH2CH3OCH3CH2CCH2CH3OHCN

usesthereagentP4O10(oftenwrittenasP2O5)PreparationofNitrilesBydehydrationofamides(CH3)2CHCNH2OP4O10200°C(CH3)2CHCN(69-86%)

20.19

HydrolysisofNitriles

HydrolysisofNitrilesHydrolysisofnitrilesresemblesthehydrolysis

ofamides.Thereactionisirreversible.

Ammoniaisproducedandisprotonatedto

ammoniumioninacidsolution.+NH4+RCOHORCN+2H2OH++

HydrolysisofNitrilesInbasicsolutionthecarboxylicacidproductisdeprotonatedtogiveacarboxylateion.+–RCOOHO+–NH3RCN+H2O

Example:AcidHydrolysis(92-95%)OH2OH2SO4

heatCH2CNNO2CH2COHNO2

Example:BasicHydrolysis(80%)CH3(CH2)9COHOCH3(CH2)9CN1.KOH,H2O,heat2.H+

Hydrolysisofnitrilesproceedsviathe

correspondingamide. Wealreadyknowthemechanismofamide

hydrolysis. Therefore,allweneedtodoistoseehow

amidesareformedfromnitrilesunderthe

conditionsofhydrolysis.MechanismofHydrolysisofNitrilesRCNH2ORCNH2OH2ORCOHO

Themechanismofamideformationisanalogous

tothatofconversionofalkynestoketones. Itbeginswiththeadditionofwateracrossthe

carbon-nitrogentriplebond. Theproductofthisadditionisthenitrogen

analogofanenol.Itistransformedtoanamide

underthereactionconditions.MechanismofHydrolysisofNitrilesRCNH2ORCNH2ORCNHOH

Step1O?

?H?

???–RCN?

?

Step1O?

?H?

???–RCN?

?RCON?

??

??

?–?

?H

Step2RCON?

??

??

?–?

?HO?

???HH

Step2RCON?

??

??

?–?

?HO?

???HH?

?–O?

???HRCON?

??

?HH??

Step3?

?–O?

???HRCON?

??

?HH??

Step3?

?–O?

???HRCON?

??

?HH????–??RCON?

??

?H?

?O?

?HH

Step4??–??RCON?

??

?HO?

?HH??

NStep4??–??RCON?

??

?HO?

?HH????RCO?

??

?HH–O?

?H???

?

20.20

AdditionofGrignardReagents

toNitriles

Grignardreagents

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