推理与证明方法.ppt

推理与证明方法推理与证明方法**数学推理MathematicalReasoning推理与证明方法ReasoningandMethodsofProof数学归纳方法递推方法**一些基本概念定理/Theorem:一个真值为T的命题语句。证明/Proof：用论证方式形成的一个命题语句序列说明一个定理为T。证明的构造/形式：由两个部分组成公理、假定或前提/axiom、postulate、hypotheses推理规则/ruleofinference其它：引理/lemma、推论/corollary、猜想/conjecture**Definition1蕴涵演算/logicalimplyingoperation对于任意的公式P和Q，如果P→Q为T，则称P蕴涵Q，记为P?Q或P/?Q蕴涵演算的推广表示：P1、P2、…、Pn?Q前提组/hypotheses结论/conclusion证明的基本工具：等值演算，真值表，范式，引用已知简单结论下表是一些常用的简单结论**Table1RuleofInferenceNameP?P∨QAddition/析取附加式P∧Q?PSimplification/合取化简式P、Q?P∧QConjunction/并发式P、P→Q?QModusponens/分离式?Q、P→Q??PModustollens/拒取式?p、P∨Q?QDisjunctivesyllogism/析取三段式P→Q、Q→R?P→RHypotheticalsyllogism/假言三段式**EXAMPLE6Hypotheses:(1)Itisnotsunnythisafternoonanditiscolderthanyesterday.(2)Wewillgoswimmingonlyifitissunny.(3)Ifwedon’tgoswimming,thenwewilltakeacanoetrip.(4)Ifwetakeacanoetrip,thenwewillbehomebysunset.Conclusion:Wewillbehomebysunset.Itissunnythisafternoon.Itiscolderthanyesterday.Wewillgoswimming.Wewilltakeacanoetrip.T:Wewillbehomebysunset.**Thehypothesesbecome?P∧Q,R→P,?R→S,andS→T,TheconclusionisT?P∧Q(h)7.S→T(h)?P(s)8.TR→P(h)?R(m)?R→S(h)S(m)**Table2.RuleofInferenceName?xP(x)?P(c)ifc?UUI/全称举例P(c)foranarbitraryc?U??xP(x)UG/全称推广?xP(x)?P(c)forsomec?UEI/存在举例P(c)forsomec?U??xP(x)EG/存在推广U:UniversalI:InstantiationE:ExistentialG:Generalization**EXAMPLE3苏格拉底论证：人固有一死，苏格拉底是人，因此苏格拉底固有一死。P(x):x是人，D(x):x是要死的，S:苏格拉底。?x(P(x)→D(x)),P(S)?D(S)?x(P(x)→D(x))(h)3.P(S)P(s)→D(s)(UG)