遗传学的基础课件.ppt

专业英语-遗传学的基础Theunits/Mendelhypothesized[haip?θisaiz]/aretodayknownas/alleles[?li:l],alternativeformsofgenes.孟德尔假设的遗传单元就是今天共识的等位基因,基因的两种形式。Genesarethebasicunitsofheredity.基因是遗传的基本单元.专业英语-遗传学的基础Anorganism/thatinherits/identicalallelesforatrait/fromeachparent/issaidtobehomozygous/[h?m?zaig?s]forthattrait;ifdifferentallelesforatrait/areinherited,theorganismisheterozygous[het?r?uzaig?s]forthattrait.从亲本遗传而来的是一个特征的两个相同的等位基因的个体被认为是纯合的。反之,遗传而来的是两个不同的等位基因的个体，就是杂合的。专业英语-遗传学的基础Whenanorganism/isheterozygous/foratrait,theresultingphenotype[fi:n?taip]/forthattrait/expressesonlythedominantallele.

对某一个特征而言,当个体是杂合时，它的表型仅由显性基因决定。专业英语-遗传学的基础Thus,theorganism’sphenotype-itsphysicalappearanceandproperties-/differsfrom/itsgenotype[d?en?taip],whichmayinclude/bothadominantandarecessiveallele./因此，生物的表型与基因型是不同的,表型是个体的物理特征和品质,而基因型包括一个显性基因和一个隐性基因。专业英语-遗传学的基础Apictorialrepresentationof/allpossiblecombinationofageneticcross/isknownasaPunnettsquare.

遗传杂交的所有可能的组合图表被称为旁纳特方格。Punnettsquare：amethodusedtodeterminetheprobabilitiesofcombinationinazygote[zaig?ut].专业英语-遗传学的基础Theresults/ofMendel’sexperiments/ondominantandrecessiveinheritance/ledto/Mendel’sfirstlaw:thelawofsegregation.基于显性和隐性遗传的实验结果，孟德尔提出了分离定律。专业英语-遗传学的基础Thislawstatesthat/foragiventrait/anorganism/inherits/oneallele/fromeachparent.该定律认为:对一个给定的特征而言,个体从每个亲本获得一个等位基因。Togetherthesealleles/form/theallelepair.这些等位基因一起形成等位基因对。专业英语-遗传学的基础Whengametes[g?mi:t]areformed/duringmeiosis,thetwoalleles/becomeseparated(halvingofchromosomenumber).减数分裂期形成配子时两个等位基因分离(染色体数目的减半)。专业英语-遗传学的基础Togainevidenceforhistheory/Mendelperformedtestcrosses,matingplants/ofunknowngenotype/toplants/thatwerehomozygous[h?m?zaig?us]recessive[risesiv]/forthetraitofinterest.为验证此理论，他做了测交实验，即基因型未知的植物个体与纯合隐性的个体杂交。Testcross：acr