托福真题范文Westwardmigration.pdf

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学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆

WestwardMigration

ThestoryofthewestwardmovementofpopulationintheUnitedStatesis,inthemain,

thestoryoftheexpansionofAmericanagriculture-ofthedevelopmentofnewareasfor

theraisingoflivestockandthecultivationofwheat,corn,tobacco,andcotton.After1815

improvedtransportationenabledmoreandmorewesternfarmerstoescapea

self-sufficientwayoflifeandenteranationalmarketeconomy.Duringperiodswhen

commoditypriceswerehigh,therateofwestwardmigrationincreasedspectacularly.Old

Americasmedtobebreakingupandmovingwestward,observedanEnglishvisitorin

1817,duringthefirstgreatwaveofmigration.EmigrationtotheWestreachedapeakin

the1830s.Whereasin1810onlyaseventhoftheAmericanpeoplelivedwestofth

AppalachianMountains,by1840morethanathirdlivedthere.

Whywerethesehundredsofthousandsofsettlers-mostofthemfarmers,someofthem

artisans-drawnawayfromtheclearedfieldsandestablishedcitiesandvillagesoftheEast?

CertaincharacteristicsofAmericansocietyhelptoexplainthisremarkablemigration.Th

EuropeanancestorsofsomeAmericanshadforcenturieslivedrootedtothesamevillag

orpiecoflanduntilsomreligious,political,oreconomiccrisisuprootedthemand

drovthemacrossthAtlantic.Manyofthoswhoexperiencedthissharpbreak

thereafterlackedthtiesthathadboundthemandtheirancestorstoasinglplace.

Moreover,Europeansocietywasrelativelystratified;occupationandsocialstatuswer

inherited.InAmericansociety,however,theclassstructurewaslessrigid;sompeopl

changedoccupationseasilyandbelieveditwastheirdutytoimprovtheirsocialand

学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆

economicposition.Asaresult,manyAmericanswereaninveteratelyrestless,rootless,

and

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