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QuantumComputing:
What’sItGoodFor?ScottAaronsonComputerScienceDepartment,UCBerkeleyJanuary10,2002/~aaronson?
OverviewHistoryandbackgroundThequantumcomputationmodelExample:Simon’salgorithmOtheralgorithms(Shor’s,Grover’s)Limitsofquantumcomputing,includingrecentworkThefuture
RichardFeynman(1981):“...tryingtofindacomputersimulationofphysics,seemstometobeanexcellentprogramtofollowout...andImnothappywithalltheanalysesthatgowithjusttheclassicaltheory,becausenatureisn’tclassical,dammit,andifyouwanttomakeasimulationofnature,youdbettermakeitquantummechanical,andbygollyitsawonderfulproblembecauseitdoesntlooksoeasy.”
DavidDeutsch(1985):“Computingmachinesresemblingtheuniversalquantumcomputercould,inprinciple,bebuiltandwouldhavemanyremarkablepropertiesnotreproduciblebyanyTuringmachine…Complexitytheoryfor[suchmachines]deservesfurtherinvestigation.”
WhatIsQuantumMechanics?
Frameworkforatomic-scalephysicaltheoriesComputationalmodelwithamplitudesinsteadofprobabilitiesComplicated(lotsofintegralsigns)SimplePessimistic(i.e.Heisenberguncertaintyrelation)Optimistic(i.e.Shor’sfactoringalgorithm)TraditionalPhysicsViewQuantumComputingViewWhatIsQuantumMechanics?
TheModelComputerhasnbitsofmemoryClassicalcase:ifn=2,possiblestatesare 00,01,10,11Randomizedcase:Statesarevectorsof2n probabilitiesin[0,1]i.e.Pr[00]=0.2Pr[01]=0.2Pr[10]=0.1Pr[11]=0.5Quantumcase:Statesarevectorsof2n complexnumberscalledamplitudes
TheModel(con’t)Diracketnotation:Wewritestateas,i.e., 0.5|00?-0.5|01?+0.5i|10?-0.5i|11?SuperpositionoverbasisstatesNormalization:Ifstateis?i?i|i?,then?i|?i|2=1 (Whycomplexnumbers?Why|?i|2andnot?i2?)
MeasurementWhenwemeasurestate,seebasisstate|i? withprobability|?i|2Furthermore,statecollapsesto|i?Canalsomakepartialmeasuremen
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