世界银行-税收和转移支付对巴基斯坦不平等和贫困的影响（英）-2025.pdf

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TheEffectsofTaxesandTransferson

InequalityandPovertyinPakistan1

BeenishAmjadHaydeelizCarrascoMoritzMeyer

TheWorldBankGroupTheWorldBankGroupTheWorldBankGroup

Thisversion:January19,2025

Abstract.ThisstudyassessestheimpactoffiscalpolicyinPakistan-taxes,socialexpenditures,andsubsidy

expenditures-onpovertyandinequalityusingtheCommitmenttoEquity(CEQ)Methodology.Resultsshow

thatfiscalpolicyincreasedthenationalpovertyheadcountandleftinequalitylargelyunchangedduringfiscal

year2019(spanningJuly1,2018,toJune30,2019).Theneteffectofthefiscalsystemistoincreasethepoverty

headcountratioatthenationalpovertylinebyapproximatelytwopercentagepoints.Overall,thecombination

ofdirectandindirecttaxespaid,cashornear-cashtransfersreceived,andsubsidybenefitscapturedleavesmost

householdsasnetpayersintothefiscalsystem;onlythepoorestdecilearenetrecipientsincashtermsfromthe

fiscalsystem.Taxes,transfers,andsubsidieshaveamutedimpactoninequality:theGinicoefficientindexfalls

from29.0to28.6frompre-fiscaltopost-fiscalincome.The