考试时间4上课时间和教室.pptxVIP

考试时间：2023.1.4

上课时间和教室

Chapter7.

LasersLightAmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionofRadiation(acronym)

TheHistory1916,Einsteinpredictedthestimulatedemission.1954,Townesandco-workersdevelopedaMicrowaveAmplifierbyStimulatedEmissionofRadiation(maser)usingammonia,NH3.1958,SchawlowandTownesshowedthatthemaserprinciplecouldbeextendedintothevisibleregion.1960,Maimanbuiltthefirstlaserusingrubyastheactivemedium.Fromthenon,laserdevelopmentwasnothingshortofmiraculous,givingopticsnewimpetusandwidepublicity.

7.1StimulatedEmissionofRadiationBoltzmannDistributionthetransitionsthatoccurbetweendifferentenergystatesabsorption:theupwardtransitionfromalowerenergystatetoahigherstate,E1?E2Emission:thedownwardtransition,E2?E1,populationN:thenumberofatoms,perunitvolume,thatexistinagivenstate.givenbyBoltzmannsequationE:energyleverofthesystem:BoltzmannsconstantT:absolutetemperature.

7.1StimulatedEmissionofRadiationBoltzmannsratioorrelativepopulation:theratioofthepopulationsinthetwostates,N2/N1.Orplottheenergyinthehigherstaterelativetothatinthelowerstate,versusthepopulationinthesestates(EversusN),theresultisanexponentialcurveknownasaBoltzmanndistribution.WhentheBoltzmanndistributionisnormal,itmeansthatthesystemisinthermalequilibrium,havingmoreatomsinthelowerstatethaninthehigherstate.

7.1StimulatedEmissionofRadiation2.EinsteinsPredictionAssumefirst:anensembleofatomsisinthermalequilibriumandnotsubjecttoanexternalradiationfield.Athighertemperatures,acertainnumberofatomsisintheexcitedstate;onreturntothelowerstate,theseatomswillemitradiation,intheformofquantah?.--spontaneousemissionrateofthetransition:thenumberofatomsinthehigherstatethatmakethetransitiontothelowerstate,persecond.lifetimeofth