天然放射性元素化学.pptxVIP

Chapter4Radionuclidesinnature

第四章自然界中的放射性核素杨金玲

Practicallyallnaturalmaterialscontainradioactivenuclides,thoughusuallyinsuchlowconcentrationsthattheycanbedetectedonlybyverysensitiveanalysis.Thisistrueforwater(rainwater,rivers,lakes,sea),rocksandsoil,andalllivingmatter,aswellasforstructuresonnaturalrawmaterialsexceptwheregreatcarehasresultedinuseofanon-radioactivematerial.Theradionuclidesinourenvironmentcanbedividedinto(i)thoseformedfromcosmicradiation,(ii)thosewithlifetimescomparabletotheageoftheearth,(iii)thosethatarepartofthenaturaldecaychainsbeginningwiththoriumanduranium,and(iv)thoseintroducedinnaturebymoderntechniques.Sourcescanbecategorizedas:(i)cosmogenic宇生放射性的,(ii)and(iii)primordial原生放射性的,and(iv)anthropogenic人类活动产生的.

CosmogenicradionuclidesCosmicirradiationoftheatmosphereproducesneutronsandprotonswhichreactwithN2,O2,Ar,etc.resultingintheproductionofradioactivenuclides.Thesenuclidesareproducedatconstantratesandbroughttotheearthsurfacebyrainwater.Equilibriumisassumedtobeestablishedbetweentheproductionrateandthemeanresidencetimeoftheseradionuclidesinterrestrialreservoirs(theatmosphere,thesea,lakes,soil,plants,etc)leadingtoconstantspecificradioactivitiesoftheelementsineachreservoir.

CosmogenicradionuclidesIfareservoirisclosedfromtheenvironment,itsspecificradioactivitydecreases.Thiscanbeusedtodetermineexposuretimesofmeteoritestocosmicradiation(andtheconstancyofthecosmicradiationfield,using81Kr),datingmarinesediments(using10Be,26Al),groundwater(36Cl),glacialice(10Be),deadbiologicalmaterials(14C),etc.Theshorter-livedcosmogenicradionuclideshavebeenusedasnaturaltracersforatmosphericmixingandprecipitationprocesses(e.g.39Clor38S).OnlyTand14Careofsufficientimportancetodeservefurther