数学竞赛题解与不等式证明方法研究.pdfVIP

IndividualFinalsASolutions

1.Letpbeaprimenumbergreaterthan5.Provethatthereexistsapositiveintegernsuchthat

nnn

pdivides20+15−12.

Solution:

Iclaimthatnp−3works.Usingthecool“Pythagoreantriple”12+1212,we

201512

p−1p−1p−1p−1p−1p−1

have20p−3+15p−3−12p−320+15−1220−1+15−1−12−1

202152122202152122

p−1p−1p−1

9(20−1)+16(15−1)−25(12−1).

3600

Sinceweknowthatthisfractionisaninteger,toshowthatitisdivisiblebypitsufficestocheck

thatthenumeratorisdivisiblebypandthedenominatorisnot.Sincep5,pisrelatively

primeto12,15,and20,sobyFermat’slittletheoremweseethatpdividesthenumerator.

422

Alsosincep5and3600=2·3·5,weseethatpdoesnotdividethedenominator.We

concludethatpdivides20p−3+15p−3−12p−3.

Theintuitionforthissolutionisquitesimple:sincef(n)20n+15n−12nequals0for

n−2andf(n)modpisperiodicwithsomeperioddi