醇类及其物理性质精讲.pptxVIP

Alcoholsrevisited(andethers)andgoingfurther...13.3Carboxylicacidsandtheirderivatives

AlcoholshomologousseriescontainingtheOHhydroxylgroup.allnamesendinolegmethanol,ethanoletc.isomersarepossibleforalcoholscontaining3ormorecarbons.labelpositionofOHgroupsothatithasthelowestnumberpossible.polyhydricalcoholscontainmorethanoneOHgroupegpropane-1,2,3,triolOHgroupsattachedtobenzeneringsarecalledphenols.

PhysicalpropertiesofalcoholsMoleculesarepolar,intheO-Hbond,Ois?-andHis?+Moleculeshaveattractiveforcesbetweenthemoleculescalledhydrogenbonds,notasstrongascovalentbonds.Higherboilingpointthancorrespondingalkanes.Hydrogenbondsformbetweenalcoholandwatermoleculesthereforetheyaremiscible/soluble.Longchainalcoholsarelesssoluble.

EthersGeneralformulaR-O-R’O-R’alkoxygroupsubstitutedforHegCH3-CH2-CH2-O-CH3methoxypropaneLongerhydrocarbonchainisparentalkanefornaming.

Physicalpropertiesofethers Moleculesonlyslightlypolar.Nohydrogenontheoxygenatomstoformhydrogenbonds–onlyweakforcesofattractionbetweenmolecules.Boilingpointssimilartocorrespondingalkane.Lowerethers,veryvolatile,highlyflammable.Onlyslightlysolubleinwater,mixwellwithothernon-polarsolventsegalkanes.(Likedissolveslike).

CarboxylicacidstructureFormula-COOHOxygenatomsnotjoinedtogether.GeneralformulawhenrestofstructureisanalkylgroupR-COOH.COOHCarboxylgroup

NamingcarboxylicacidsAlkanesCH4methaneCH3-CH3ethaneCH3-CH2-CH3propane.CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH32-methylbutaneCarboxylicacidsH-COOHmethanoicacidCH3-COOHethanoicacidCH3-CH2-COOHpropanoicacidCH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-COOH3-methylbutanoicacid

NamingmorecomplexexamplesTwocarboxylicacidgroups-dioicCarboxylgroupcanbeattachedtoabenzeneringegbenzenecarboxylicacid.COOHCOOHethanedioicacidCOOHCOOHCH2propanedioicacidCOOHCOOHCO