中山大学语言学-Chapter 3 amp; 6.ppt

An Introduction to Linguistics Chapter 3 6 语言学与人们的语言学习、教学有什么关系 1、恰当地运用教学方法须以理解其相应的语言学理论为基础 2、正确的语言观可以帮助学习者使用适当的学习方法和策略 3、语言学理论可指导教学人员在教学中进行研究 4、语言学研究是每个人都可以进行的，通过观察、实践、实验，学习者和教学工作者可以去验证、推翻或运用语言学的理论、发现、认识、观点。 语言学家都干些什么 1、规定：确定每个可以划分的语言单位的构成规则 2、描述：通过收集语料，归纳总结，提纯出规律 3、解释：通过发现语言共性来解释语言规则之存在 在这些过程中都需要提出理论假说，然后收集正面或负面的证据去证实、推翻、改进它。证据收集过程中需要做实验、观察、思辩、实践、调查、综合等工作，并且往往需要多人协作。 语言学研究原则 1、穷尽性 2、连续性 3、经济性（简化原则） 4、客观性 几组概念 1、langue parole 2、competence and performance 3、linguistic potential and actual linguistic beahvior 语言学的分相 1、语音学 2、音位学 3、形态学 4、语义学 5、句法学 6、语用学 跨学科： 1、应用语言学 2、社会语言学 3、文体学 4、心理语言学 5、神经语言学 6、计算语言学 7、人类语言学 8数学语言学 9、语篇语言学 主流流派： 社会符号派、丹麦学派、布拉格学派、结构主义、功能主义（伦敦学派）、形式主义 Chapter 6 Morphology ? What is morphology? ? The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon. ? Words are the smallest free units of language that unite sounds with meaning. ? Morphology is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words. ? Morphemes and allomorphs ? The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morpheme. ? A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs. ? “zero” form of a morpheme and suppletives ? Some countable nouns do not change form to express plurality. Similarly, some regular verbs do not change form to indicate past tense. In these two cases, the noun or verb contains two morphemes, among which there is one “zero form” of a morpheme. ? Some verbs have irregular changes when they are in past tense. In this case, the verbs also have two morphemes. Words which are not related in form to indicate grammatical contrast with their roots are called suppletives. Chapter 6 Morphology Free and bound morphemes ? Some morphemes constitute words by themselves. These morphemes are called free morphemes. ? Other morphemes are never used independently in speech and writing. They are always attached to free morphemes to form new words. These morphemes are called bound morphemes. ? The distinction between a free mo