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Common Difficulties Encountered by Non-Native English Speakers (especially Chinese) Tense Problem: Chinese language does not have tenses We discussed this a little yesterday. In a scientific paper: Abstract: usually past tense, except introductory statement may be present tense Introduction: usually present tense Methods: past tense Results: past tense Discussion: present tense Subject-Verb Agreement For complicated sentences, remember to look for the subject, where ever it may be, and make the verb agree with the subject. Read the sentence without all the modifiers and clauses to help you Diagram the sentence to help you Plural Nouns Used as Adjective When a plural noun is used as an adjective, it becomes singular: Phenotype of dendritic cells cells is a plural noun Dendritic cell phenotype phenotype is the noun and cells is the adjective But cells becomes singular as the adjective Dendritic cell population population of dendritic cells Abbreviations: Singular or Plural? If a word or term will be used in both the singular and plural, then it is better to derive the abbreviation from the singular form and add an s to make it plural. An important effector cell in an immune response is the dendritic cell (DC). Islet infiltrates consist mainly of T cells but also include macrophages, DCs, and B cells. Commonly Used Terms Suggest: to cause you to think about something Use when your results point to that direction, but you haven’t totally proven it The genetic results suggest that CD103 is a candidate gene for the development of type 1 diabetes. Assess: to evaluate, but in common speech usually refers to estimating a value for something. Not a great word to use in science. Use determine instead. Commonly Used Terms Determine: to decide or settle, to reach a conclusion We wanted to determine….. For experiments that have not yet been done: The actual binding constant remains to be determined. Investigate vs Examine investigate: to observe or determine in detail
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