[植物病害流行学For graduate students]epidemic-02.ppsVIP

Plant Disease Epidemiology —02 Basis concepts and principles 表1-1 国外植物病害流行的主要事例 表1-1 国外植物病害流行的主要事例 表1-2 中国有记载的主要植物病害流行事例 表1-2 中国有记载的主要植物病害流行事例 Terminology Plant disease epidemiology? How can there be an epidemic on plants? Well, strictly speaking, we should call it an epiphytotic, but the term epidemic has become so widely used in reference to plant disease and so entrenched in the phytopathological literature that we are forced to give in and leave epiphytotic to the etymological purists. Plant Disease Epidemiology was about the study of the development of disease in plant populations. Epidemic also is commonly used to denote a sudden and rapid or a widespread development of disease, implying that if development is slow or it is spatially limited there is no epidemic. 植物病害流行 植物病原物大量传播，在短时间内诱发植物大量发病并引致一定程度的损失的过程和现象。表现为病原物数量的增加和一定的植物群体中病害单位和病害程度随时间而增加，发病的空间范围也随之增加。 ——曾士迈，1986 稳态流行（endemic) 在某地区早已存在，年年或经常发生而波动不大的流行状态，也叫“常发病”。 大区流行（pandemic) 在一个流行季节中，自然传播很广甚至洲际的状态，也称泛洲流行或泛域流行。 突发流行（explosive epidemic)或前进性流行（progressive epidemic) 某地区以前没有，出现不久就迅速蔓延成灾的流行状态。 The Dynamics of Plant Disease In this text we will use epidemic to denote the dynamics of disease, that is, the change in the amount of disease with time. By amount of disease we mean either incidence (the number of plants or plant parts affected), severity (the amount of tissue affected), or a combination of both. Inoculum The inoculum, which might consist of fungal spores, bacterial cells, nematodes, viruses within an aphid vector, or some other propagules of a pathogen, gains entry into and establishment within the host tissues through the process of infection. The pathogen develops within the host and eventually begins to produce new inoculum, which, in turn, can be dispersed to new susceptible sites to initiate new infections. The Cyclical Nature of Plant Disease Plant disease epidemics are cyclical phenomena, that is, they consist of repeated cycles of pathogen development in relation to the host.