英美文学复习.docVIP

Satire: To criticize a person or an idea by using humor to show its weakness. Irony: The use of words to express something different from and often opposite to the literal meaning. Sarcasm’s intent is to wound its target, to humiliate, to tear down. The intent behind satire is to make fun of people in order to produce a change in their behavior, in the hope that they become better people. Sarcasm is butchery, while satire is surgery. Defamiliarization is the artistic technique of forcing the audience to see common things afresh, in an unfamiliar or strange way, in order to enhance perception of the familiar. The term “defamiliarization” was first coined in 1917 by Viktor Shklovsky in his essay “Art as Device. A basic satirical tactic, it is a central concept of 20th century art, ranging over movements including Dada, postmodernism, epic theatre, and science fiction. William Shakespeare 37plays 2narrative poems 叙事长诗154sonnets十四行诗 First Folio第一对开本 他死后出版the great collection of his plays Three periods: 1590 to 1600: historical plays and comedies, a few early tragedies, imbued with an optimistic atmosphere of humanism人文主义. Romeo and Juliet, The Merchant of Venice 1601 to 1608: great tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, and Timon of Athens《雅典的泰汀》 tragic-comedy悲喜剧: Measure for Measure《一报还一报》，these plays reflect the social contradictions of the age 1609 to 1612: three tragic-comedy, of which The Tempest《暴风雨》is the most significant. These last plays show Shakespeare’s optimistic faith in the future of humanity, and at the same time also reveal dramatist’s Utopianism乌托邦思想. 他的好朋友Ben Jonson评价他为：“not of an age, but for all time.” Renaissance 文艺复兴:The word “Renaissance” means revival, especially between the 14th and mid-17th century, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, therefore, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers made attempts to get ride of conservatism (保守主义) in feudalist封建主义 Europe and intr