汇丰和加拿大皇家银行的风险 管理培.pptVIP

* * * * * * * QUOTE RMA defines operational risk as anything that adds to the volatility of earnings that is not credit and market risk. One of the reasons it is getting more attention is that, as our analytics refine our measurement of credit and market risks, we find that much of our unexpected losses are caused by operational breakdowns. China, Refco, Student Loans ……... If you accept the alternative definition that operational losses arise from internal or external events due to inadequate or failed strategies, processes, human performance or systems, I could argue that restr