论指令类言外行为的得体表达.doc

【标题】论指令类言外行为的得体表达 【作者】谭小丽 【关键词】指令类言外行为；得体的英语表达；内容和表达形式的考虑；语境的考虑 【指导老师】廖东红 杨 波 【专业】英语 【正文】I. IntroductionSince the birth of language, verbal communication has been playing an important role in human beings’ daily life. It carries out informative functions, emotive functions, interpersonal functions, phatic function and recreational function and so on. But due to some complicated factors, there always exist some barriers to achieve successful verbal communication. Therefore, many linguists and scholars have transferred their attentions from the study of linguistic theories to the study of language using, that is, the field of pragmatic. Directives, as one kind of illocutionary acts, are attempts that the speakers want to get the hearers to do something?(According to Searle’s classification of speech acts). That is, to?“direct” him or her towards some goals?(of the speaker’s, mostly). It can express inviting, suggesting, requesting, advertising, warning, threatening and ordering. Successful verbal communication is always expected by interlocutors. As a mutual process, if the speaker’s or the hearer’s or both sides’ benefits are affected, the communication is not a successful one. In the real situations, the communicators always try their best to reduce the costs of both sides at most degree in order to achieve successful communication. When the speaker utters a directive, there are three possible results: the hearer refuses the directive; the hearer barely accepts; the hearer accepts willingly. Obviously, the last kind of reactions is expected by interlocutors. So it has practical meaning to study how to make the expression of directives appropriate. It will be helpful to guide the speaker to create a comfortable communication environment. Traditionally, many linguists and scholars focused on the application of some linguistic rules?(the most famous one is Politeness Principle which advocated by Leech). But the real situations are so complicated that these