【英文版环境化学】AirPollution-TroposphericOzone.pptVIP

Air Pollution-Tropospheric Ozone Good Ozone and Bad Ozone Stratospheric ozone protect lives on Earth from harmful effects of UV radiation. Tropospheric ozone: Causing respiratory distress and eye irritation Destroying plants Producing cracks in rubber Two types of air pollutants: primary vs. secondary Primary pollutants: released directly from sources Examples: CO, SO2, NOx Secondary pollutants: formed through chemical reactions of the primary pollutants and the constituents of the unpolluted atmosphere in the air. Example: O3 Formation of ozone Sources of RO2.: Oxidation of hydrocarbons Example: Oxidation of carbon monoxide CO + .OH + O2 ? CO2 + HO2. HO2. + NO ? NO2 + .OH NO2 + hv ? NO + O O + O2 + M ? O3 + M Net: CO + 2 O2 + hv ? CO2 + O3 Example: Oxidation of methane CH4 + .OH + O2 ? CH3OO. + H2O CH3OO. + NO ? CH3O. + NO2 CH3O. + O2 ? HCHO + HO2. HO2. + NO ? .OH + NO2 NO2 + hn ? NO + O (2x) O + O2 + M ? O3 + M (2x) Net: CH4 + 4 O2 ? HCHO + H2O + 2 O3 Necessary ingredients for ozone formation Sunlight NOx (NO, NO2) Hydrocarbons (VOCs: volatile organic carbon) Necessary ingredients for ozone formation CH4 + .OH + O2 ? CH3OO. + H2O CH3OO. + NO ? CH3O. + NO2 CH3O. + O2 ? HCHO + HO2. HO2. + NO ? .OH + NO2 NO2 + hn ? NO + O (2x) O + O2 + M ? O3 + M (2x) Net: CH4 + 4 O2 ? HCHO + H2O + 2 O3 Formation of oxidants other than O3 Formation of aldehydes (e.g. formaldehyde) Formation of PAN (peroxyacetyl nitrate) and its analogs Photochemical smog Smog derives from a combination of the words smoke and fog. London smog and Los Angeles smog London smog is characterized by high SO2 and particle concentration in the presence of fog. Also referred as sulfurous smog Los Angeles smog is characterized by high oxidants (mainly O3). It was first recognized in the Los Angeles area. The term smog is misleading in this case, as smoke and fog are not key components. The appropriate term is photochemical air pollution. Photochemical air pollution HO2. Radical: Interconversion of .OH an