[现代测试分析]2X射线衍射原理.pptVIP

一个电子的散射 对于光矢量为Eoz的偏振X射线入射，其散射强度Iez为 对于光矢量为EOx的偏振光入 射，电子散射强度（Iex）为 一个电子的散射 按光矢量合成的平行四边形法则，Ie=Iex+Iez为电子对光矢量为E0的非偏振光入射时的散射强度，即 返回 晶带 晶带——在晶体结构或空间点阵中， 与某一取向平行的所有晶面均属于同一个晶带 同一晶带中所有晶面的交线互相平行，其中通过坐标原点的那条直线称为晶带轴。晶带轴的晶向指数即为该晶带的指数。 习题 1、当X射线在原子列上散射时，相邻原子散射线在某个方向上的波程差若不为波长的整数倍，则此方向上必然不存在反射，为什么？2、当波长为λ的X射线在晶体上发生衍射时，相邻两个（hkl）晶面衍射线的波程差是多少？相邻两个HKL干涉面的波程差又是多少？3、“一束X射线照射一个原子列（一维晶体），只有镜面反射方向上才有可能产生衍射线”，此种说法是否正确？ 4、α-Fe属立方晶系，点阵参数a=0.2866nm。如用CrKαX射线（λ=0.2291nm）照射，试求（110）、（200）及（211）可发生衍射的掠射角 等比级数求和 洛必达法则 　 洛必达(L ‘Hopital)法则是在一定条件下通过分子分母分别求导再求极限来确定未定式值的方法。? 洛必达法则（定理） 　设函数f(x)和F(x)满足下列条件： 　　 （1）x→a时，lim f(x)=0,lim F(x)=0; 　　 （2）在点a的某去心邻域内f(x)与F(x)都可导，且F(x)的导数不等于0; 　　 （3）x→a时，lim(f(x)/F(x))存在或为无穷大 　则 x→a时，lim(f(x)/F(x))=lim(f(x)/F(x)) Diffraction refers to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle. Italian scientist Francesco Maria Grimaldi coined the word diffraction and was the first to record accurate observations of the phenomenon in 1665. In classical physics, the diffraction phenomenon is described as the apparent bending of waves around small obstacles and the spreading out of waves past small openings. Similar effects occur when light waves travel through a medium with a varying refractive index or a sound wave through one with varying acoustic impedance. Diffraction occurs with all waves, including sound waves, water waves, and electromagnetic waves such as visible light, X-rays and radio waves. As physical objects have wave-like properties (at the atomic level), diffraction also occurs with matter and can be studied according to the principles of quantum mechanics. The description of diffraction relies on the interference of waves emanating from the same source taking different paths to the same point on a screen. In this description, the difference in phase between waves that took different paths is only dependent on the effective path length. This does not take into account the fact that waves that arrive at the screen at the same