化学专业英语写作-第五章.ppt

第五章 科技英语中常用修辞学 文章是由段落组成的，段落又是由句子组成的，句子是表达思想感情的最小语言单位，因此要把文章写好，就必须把句子造好，每个段落写好，写好段落和要造好句子就必须掌握四大要素：统一性，连贯性，强势性和简洁性。 1．统一性 unity 句子的统一性包括每一个句话都有一个明确的中心思想，一句话只允许讲述一个中心思想，一句中若出现两个或两个以上相关连的思想时，我们要判断哪个是主要思想，哪个是从属思想？分别以主句和从句将思想表达出来。如果两个思想重要性相等，又密切关连，则用并列连接词，写出并列句，如果两个或更多的思想互不关连，则用两个或更多的句子来表达，否则将两个以上互不关联的概念放入一个句子，时而以甲为对象，时而以乙作对象，变得语无论次，就破坏了句子的统一性。 1.1 把两个不相关连的思想放在一起 病句： 1 The quality of the half-tone reproduction depends both on the grade of the paper used the glossier the better and on the fineness of the screen, in general the finer screen giving the better detail, but the limit is set by the absorbency of the paper and the quality of the printing, not every printer being equipped to reproduce half-tones with maximum charity. 这个句子语法正确，但内容过多，含意也不密切相连，使人抓不住要点，破坏了句子统一性，如换成三个句子，则层次清楚。 The quality of the half-tone reproduction depends both on the grade of paper used and on the fineness of the screen. In general, glassy paper and finer screens give better detail, but the limit is set by the absorbency of the paper and the quality of the printing. Not every printer is equipped to reproduce half-tones with maximum clarity. （照像铜版复制的质量取决于所用纸的区别和印刷网板的精细，一般光学的纸和较粘制的网板会产生较好的清晰度，但其限度要由纸的吸墨性和印刷质量来决定。并不是每一台印刷机的装备都能够制备高清晰度的照相铜板。） 2 The vessel made for the shore, and the passengers soon crowded into the boats, and the beach was reached in safety, and the inhabitants of the island received them with the utmost kindness. 这个句子意思混乱，不好懂，因为句子的主语变化太多，造成概念上的混乱，纠正的方法是确定一个中心思想，以它作主体统率全局，现以passengers为主，改写： The vessel having made for the shore, the passengers soon crowed into the boats and safely reached the beach, where they were received with the utmost kindness by the inhabitants of the island.（轮船驶入港口，乘客们涌上小艇，安全到达海滩，在那里他们受到了岛上居民极其热烈地接待。） 1.2 把应该密接的思想分开来 病句：Mr. Wang was a wonderful electrical engineer, He was also a mathematical genius. At first he worked in a telegraph office and had to leave because he became deaf. Finally he retired to Tianjin, and lived alone. 除了给儿童或初学外文