【公共英语】Logic.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Begging the Question / Circular Argument Begging the Question is a fallacy in which the premises include the claim that the conclusion is true or directly or indirectly assume that the conclusion is true. This sort of reasoning typically has the following form. 1. Premises in which the truth of the conclusion is claimed or the truth of the conclusion is assumed either directly or indirectly . 2. Claim C the conclusion is true. Circular Reasoning --- This problem occurs when the writer tries to support a claim by restating it in different words. You can tell this example is circular by considering this Circular Reasoning “Why is Juan an impressive speaker?” “Because he touches his listeners deeply.?” “Why are Juans listeners touched so deeply?” “Because he is an impressive speaker.” impressive touching someone deeply Appeal to the Wrong Authority My political science teacher says that the new math is impossible for children to learn“. Appeal to the Wrong Authority诉诸权威 --- If the student believes that political science teachers low opinion of new math strongly supports an argument against new math, the student is wrong. The political science teacher is an authority, but in a different field. Non Sequitur -- it doesnt follow“不根据前提的推理 Students who take earth science instead of physics are lazy. Susie took earth science instead of physics. Susie should be kicked out of school Non Sequitur --- If the first statement is correct, then you could conclude that Susie is lazy. But theres nothing in that line of reasoning that says lazy students should be kicked out of school. The conclusion doesnt follow. Hypothesis contrary to the fact假设不成立 Beginning with a premise that is not necessarily， believable or true. From a statement of fact, the argument draws a counterfactual claim i.e. a claim about what would have been true if the stated fact were not true . The argument falsely assume