【环境课件】生态学（双语）【珍藏版】.pptVIP

【环境课件】生态学（双语）;A1 什么是生态学;A1 WHAT IS ECOLOGY?;个休、种群、群落和生态系统;Individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems ;A2 生态学的10个规律;A2 TEN RULES IN ECOLOGY?;规律2：生态学只有按照进化论才可理解;Rule 2;规律4：基因和环境都很重要;Rule 4;规律6：“讲故事”是危险的;Rule 6;规律8：有机体具有很多限制;Rule 8;规律9：机会是重要的;Rule 9;B1 适 应;B1 ADAPTATION;适 应;Any heritable trait possessed by an organism which aids survival or reproduction is an adaptation. Such traits may be physiological, morphological or behavioral. Adaptation is the result of natural selection.;B2 应付环境变异;Key Notes;环境变异;Most organisms have to cope with a continually changing external environment over a range of timescales. Some environmental factors may change over seconds or minutes (e.g. sunlight intensity when .there is patchy cloud) whilst others may change daily or seasonally or over a much change daily or seasonally or over a much longer period (e.g. glaciation cycles).;稳 态;The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment by an organism in a variable external environment is called homeostasis, All organisms adopt a degree of homeostatic control, but, as t rule, large organisms are more decoupled from their external environment than small ones.;耐 受 性;Organisms can cope with variation in their external environment (though different species may differ markedly). The upper and lower extremes of species limits of tolerance. Usually, growth will not occur at these extremes but in a narrower range of conditions, and fitness will be greatest only for a yet narrower optimal range.;B3 生 态 位;The ecological niche of an organism is the position it fills in its environment, comprising the conditions under which it is found, the resources it utilizes and the time it occurs there.;基础生态位;The niche space an organism can fill in the absence of competition or predation is known as the fundamental niche.;C1 太阳辐射与气候;Key Notes;地球的风型;The major wind systems of the Earth result from the upward movement of warm air around the equator, which is replace