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外文原文
Capturing the Cost of Quality Failures in Civil Engineering
Hamzah Abdul-Rahman
(University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology)
INTRODUCTION
One reason which relates quality (conformance to requirements) to a firm's survival, is increased customer expectations — an organization must provide the products/services to fulfill the requirements of the client[l]. Another is the costs incurred due to operation and product failures; a firm should not spend more than what is normally required to meet the client's requirements; this is especially true in the present competitive market. These costs, known as quality costs, are known to be capable of reduction in repetitive processes and in the "controlled environment" of manufacturing industries.
The usefulness and importance of knowing the cost of quality in manufacturing is well known. This is not so in the construction industry. Since there are differences in the nature and haracteristics of the processes and environments of the two industries, it is difficult to assess whether similar quality cost concepts can be used in construction. One can only speculate that if the manufacturing and service industries can benefit from quantifying quality costs then there should also be benefit to construction. Theoretically it seems easy to apply the quality costs concepts into the design and construction phases of a civil engineering project. In practice, it is quite complex and can be difficult.
This article attempts to address the concept of quality cost, especially as an aid to identifying and reducing failures during construction of civil engineering projects. The aims of this article are to:
(1) generate an awareness of the design-and-construction caused failures;
(2) provide an insight into the potential of using quality cost in civil engineering construction;
(3) illustrate by a case study how failure costs can be captured and used in a civil engineering contract;
(4) recommend tha
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