发展中国家的库存管理问题外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 Inventory Control Problems in Developing Countries Material Source: International Journal of Operations Production Management Author: P. C. L. Goonatilake Introduction Many developing countries perceived the notion that development must come through a program of rapid industrialization and, as a first step towards achieving this aim, established numerous import substitution industries. The policy of setting up import substitution industries, as opposed to making capital goods, was deliberate. It was assumed that the level of technology needed for import substitution is relatively low. Further, it was evident that if this policy is successful, the large foreign exchange expenditure incurred in importing consumer goods can be drastically reduced in a short period of time. Unfortunately, even a decade or so after embarking on such ambitious industrialization programmes, few countries can genuinely claim any real success. Many factories are often closed down due to plant breakdowns or lack of raw material and spare parts, and capacity utilization and productivity are extremely low, and product quality poor. One wonders how, under these conditions of obvious inefficiencies, most companies manage to achieve profitability? They manage to survive mainly because the majority of industries set up in developing countries tend to be either government or privately owned monopolies. Additionally, there is a general shortage of consumer goods due to restrictions placed on imports to safeguard local industries and due to the fact that often the capacity of the new local industry is unable to satisfy demand for many years. Under such conditions manufacturers can offset internal inefficiency by passing the additional cost to customers, who have no other choice but to buy the few available goods at any price. Many reasons are quoted as being responsible for the failure of industrialization policies in developing countries. The most common and highly debate