现代服务业的号角：中国，日本，欧洲和美国外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文 THE CLARION CALL FOR MODERN SERVICES: CHINA, JAPAN, EUROPE, AND THE U.S. BY Stuart I. Feldman, Krishna S. Nathan, Thomas Li, Kazuyoshi Hidaka, AND Corinna Schulze What will modern services be like? Today many services are viewed as a craft activity—individual doctors, retail sellers, programmers all doing useful things their own way. There is, however, an increasing role for an organized, analytic, and engineering approach to all these activities. Evidence-based medicine, marketing sciencedriven retailers, and software engineering are examples of these trends. Automated services are a natural object of attention, since they can be observed in great detail, can be reconstructed and improved, and can be combined in new ways quickly and relatively easily. We are therefore seeing a rapid evolution toward an engineering approach to the life cycle of such services, and the application of mathematic and scientific approaches to the problems and opportunities they present. Complex service systems must be viewed at three levels: the functional attributes (what does it do and how does it do it?), nonfunctional attributes (management and control properties such as performance and security), and intentional attributes (what is the goal or purpose of the activity, such as societal benefit, private profit, or personal esteem?). Each level is susceptible to analysis, but different disciplines dominate. As computational services proliferate, new fields of study will open up, combining the computing, engineering, mathematical, management, and social sciences in creative ways. When we look at complex B2B projects, there is a growing application of solution engineering—using the best available techniques to the multiple phases of the activity, managing the risks, increasing predictability of quality and schedule, learning from experience in a project to improve not only the results of that effort but of succeeding solutions. As we examine the stages of a single large b