钻石体系打造国家优势外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文 The Diamond of National Advantage Material Source:The competition advantage of nationsAuthor:Michael E·Poter Why are certain companies based in certain nations capable of consistent innovation? Why do they ruthlessly pursue improvements, seeking an evermore sophisticated source of competitive advantage? Why are they able to overcome the substantial barriers to change and innovation that so often accompany success? The answer lies in four broad attributes of a nation, attributes that individually and as a system constitute the diamond of national advantage, the playing field that each nation establishes and operates for its industries. These attributes are. 1. Factor Conditions. The nation’s position in factors of production, such as skilled labor or infrastructure, necessary to compete in a given industry. 2. Demand Conditions. The nature of home-market demand for the industry’s product or service. 3. Related and Supporting Industries. The presence or absence in the nation of supplier industries and other related industries that are internationally competitive. 4. Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry. The conditions in the nation governing how companies are created, organized, and managed, as well as the nature of domestic rivalry. These determinants create the national environment in which companies are born and learn how to compete. (See the diagram “Determinants of National Competitive Advantage.”) Each point on the diamond-and the diamond as a system-affects essential ingredients for achieving international competitive success: the availability of resources in an industry; the information that shapes the opportunities that companies perceive and the directions in which they deploy their resources and skills: the goals of the owners, managers, and individuals in companies; the pressures on companies to invest and innovate. (See the insert “How the Diamond Works: The Italian Ceramic Tile Industry.”) When a national environment permits and supports the mos