Trade in Services外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文 Trade in Services Material Source: JOURNAL OF TRANSLATION FROM FOREIGN LITERATURES OF ECONOMICS, 2007 Author: Philippa Dee What is special about services? These days, a trade theorist might say there is surprisingly little that is special about Services.Even early papers largely dismissed concerns that the determinants of comparative advantage in services might differ from those in goods (Hindley and Smith 1984,Deardorff 1985). A few papers in the late 1980s examined some of the important characteristics of services, and highlighted the role of factors such as knowledge intensity (eg Markusen 1989, Melvin 1989). These same factors were subsequently central to ‘new trade theory’ treatments of trade in manufactures (eg Grossman andHelpmann 1991).It is now commonplace to treat both manufactures and services as having increasing returns to scale, firm-level product differentiation and Dixit-Stiglitz preferences among firms (eg the survey by Markusen 1995, Markusen, Rutherford and Tarr1999, Brown Deardorff and Stern 2000),1 with only the interpretations sometimes differing about the source of the firm-level product differentiation and the nature of the fixed costs producing the economies of scale. Only the agricultural sector is routinely treated, in theoretical models at least, as being a constant returns to scale, homogeneous product industry. But perhaps this has as much to do with needing a simple mechanism to pin down returns to sectorally mobile factors as it has to do with reality in a world where agricultural policy issues now include genetic engineering, varietal property rights and geographical indications. What is special about services trade? There is one characteristic of services trade policy that is special, and is starting to Influence the way that services trade itself is modelled. That characteristic is the formal recognition within the WTO of commercial presence as a method by whichservices are traded. Forei