绿色加筋挡土墙的结构形式与稳定性分析外文翻译原文及译文.docVIP

外文文献翻译 Structure and stability analysis of green reinforced retaining wall Antonio Gaudi i Cornet A retaining wall is a wall that holds back earth. A concrete retaining wall can stabilize the soil and rock behind it from downward and out movement or erosion and provide support for vertical or near vertical grade changes. Retaining walls are generally made of timber, steel, masonry products, brick, stone or concrete. When designing a retaining wall or concrete retaining wall, one must consider the proper design and installation because the retained material is attempting to move downslope and forward due to gravity. The force of gravity creates a pressure behind the wall. This pressure is smallest at the top and is greatest at the bottom where it tries to push the wall forward. The pressure will push the wall forward or overturn it if not properly addressed. In addition, any ground water behind the concrete retaining wall that is not dispersed by a drainage system will cause an added hydraulic pressure on the wall. Retaining walls are commonly used to level or retain slopes and give them a more vertical character. Generally, the more restricted or congested the site, the greater the need for retaining walls to provide usable space for landscape purposes. Functional retaining walls are constructed for purely structural needs. For example, they can be used to level, retain, or terrace a sloping area; to maintain an existing grade around a tree or some other landscape feature youre trying to save; to allow a more abrupt change in grade than you can achieve with graded slopes; and to support a level area such as a patio or driveway. Outdoor steps are modified human-scale retaining walls. Like outdoor steps, some retaining walls serve a purely functional purpose, and you may not be able to incorporate aesthetic considerations such as form, texture, color, shape, scale, and proportion. Other retaining walls are used for visual effect in the