分子生物学(中英对照有备注)9.pptVIP

* The bacteria are then mixed with the chemical to be tested, and the mixture is added to a plate without histidine. If the chemical is mutagenic, there is a probability that in some cells it will cause a mutation that reverses the original mutation in the histidine synthesis gene. These cells will therefore be able to grow on the histidine-free medium and will appear as colonies. The number of colonies on the plate thus gives an indication of how mutagenic the chemical is. 之后将细菌与待试的化学物质混合，得到的混合物涂到不含组氨酸的培养基平板上。如果这一化学物质是诱变性的，那么它就有可能在一些细胞中引起突变而逆转原来发生在组氨酸合成中的突变。这些细胞因此将能够在不含组氨酸的培养基上生长，出现菌落。平板上的菌落数指示了该化学物质诱变性的强弱。 * The Ames test is quite convenient, as bacteria are easy to manipulate and grow. However, its relevance to humans and other organisms is often questionable. This is because some chemicals that are not mutagenic are converted to mutagenic molecules by the body’s metabolism. E. coli do not have the same metabolism as humans, and therefore the real mutagenic potential of the chemical for a human would not be tested by the simple Ames test. 埃姆斯测验法是相当方便的，因为细菌易于操作和生长。然而，它与人类和其它生物之间的关联性常常被质疑。这是因为一些并不具有诱变性的化学物质会被生物体内的代谢功能转换成有诱变性的分子。大肠杆菌并没有跟人相同的代谢机理，因此对人类真正具有诱变性的化学物质进行试验不是采用简单的埃姆斯测验法。 * To overcome this defect, a liver extract is often added along with the test chemical to mimic the body’s natural metabolism. If the mutant E. coli mixed with the chemical and liver extract can grow on the medium without histidine, the chemical is thought to have potential mutagenicity to mammals. 为了克服这一缺点，在待测化学物质中加入肝的提取物来模拟人体内部的自然代谢功能。如果与化学物质和肝提取物混合后的大肠杆菌突变株能在无组氨酸的培养基上生长，则认为该化学物质对哺乳动物有潜在的诱变性。 * Frameshifts have drastic consequences during translation. Codons upstream of the site of mutation are unaffected. However, most codons downstream of the mutation will be changed to completely different codons, that code for completely different amino acids or stop translation. If a protein is even produced, it will almost always be nonfunctional. 移码突变在翻译中会产生剧烈的影响。位于突变位点上游的密码子没有受到影响