2014年第6—7章Alternative Theories of Trade(翻译版).pptVIP

Scale economies, imperfect competition, and trade规模经济，不完全竞争和贸易 Alternative Theories of Trade贸易的替代理论 Three major alternatives三种主要的替代: product differentiation, 产品差异Monopolistic competition垄断竞争 Global oligopoly全球寡头垄断 Industrial cluster产业集群 Scale Economies (increasing returns to scale)规模报酬递增 Scale economies Constant returns to scale规模报酬不变 Internal scale economies内部规模经济 External scale economies外部规模经济 Trade based on economies of scale立足于规模经济的贸易 Intra-industry Trade产业内部贸易 Inter-industry trade 产业间贸易; Intra-industry Trade产业内部贸易: Two-way trade双向贸易 Net trade=Xi－Mi Intra-industry trade (IIT) share IIT share=1－ Intra-industry trade share产业内部贸易的份额 0＜IIT share ＜1 X=0 or M=0, IIT share=0, all trade is inter-industry trade.所有贸易都是产业间贸易 X=M, IIT share =1, all trade is intra-industry trade所有贸易都是产业内贸易 The basis for trade贸易的基础 Product differentiation (demand)产品差异化（需求） Scale economies( supply)规模经济（供给） Income and product variety收入和产品品种 Net trade净贸易 The monopolistic competition垄断竞争 The monopoly element垄断元素: price setting价格设定 The competition element竞争元素: entry and profit erosion进入和利润的流失 A monopolistic competitive company in a market在一个市场上有垄断竞争力的公司 Before trade opens贸易开放前 A monopolistic competitive company in a market After opening trade贸易开放后 Gains from trade从贸易的获益 The increase in the number of varieties of products.在产品的品种数量上的增加 Lower prices of domestic varieties.国内品种价格低 Effects on the well-being of different groups对不同群体福利的影响: Little impact on the domestic distribution of factor income对国内要素收入的分配影响不大 Variety offsets any losses in factor income resulting from inter-industry trade.由于产业间贸易导致的要素收入的各种 Oligopoly and International Trade寡头垄断与国际贸易 Substantial scale economy大量规模经济 History; scale economy历史，规模经济 Oligopoly pricing寡头垄断定价 Game theory博弈论 Prisoner’s dilemma囚徒困境 Collusion结论 Anti-trust反垄断 External Scale Economies and Trade外部规模经济和贸易 Price ($ per unit) Growth and Trade经济和贸易增长 Economic growth经济增长 The changes in productive capabilities 生产能力的变化(economic growth). Two sources有两个来源: Inc