生物化学课件--第13章蛋白质代谢.ppt

第十三章蛋白质代谢 　 Key Terms ubiquitin proteasome aminotransferase (transaminase) glutamate dehydrogenase pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) pyridoxamine phosphate (PMP) alanine cycle urea cycle carbamoyl phosphate synthetase N-acetylglutamate ketogenic amino acid glucogenic amino acid biopterin phenylketonuria II. Transducing 一 蛋白质的生理功能☆合成自身特有的蛋白质和生物活性物质 ☆转变成脂肪和葡萄糖☆氧化供能☆正常人一天有400克蛋白质在发生 变化，尿中含氮化合物形式排出6-20克，这相当于丢失30多克蛋白质。产蛋，泌乳，产毛动物丢失克蛋白质更多。 ☆蛋白质的生理价值 ☆蛋白质中大致含有16%的氮 氮的总平衡：摄入大致等于排出 氮的正平衡：摄入大于排出 氮的负平衡：摄入小于排出 ☆蛋白质的生理价值（1-100） 氮的体内保留量/氮的摄入量X100 Proteins Are Degraded to Amino Acids Dietary protein is a vital source of amino acids. Proteins ingested in the diet are digested into amino acids or small peptides that can be absorbed by the intestine and transported in the blood. Another source of amino acids is the degradation of defective or unneeded cellular proteins. Alpha-Amino Groups Are Converted into Ammonium Ions by the OxidativeDeamination of Glutamate The a-amino group of many amino acids is transferred to a-ketoglutarate to form glutamate, which is then oxidatively deaminated to yield ammonium ion (NH4 +). Aminotransferases catalyze the transfer of an a-amino group from an a-amino acid to an a-ketoacid. These enzymes, also called transaminases, generally funnel a-amino groups from a variety of amino acids to a-keto-glutarate for conversion into NH4 +. （三）氨的去向 ☆谷氨酰胺的合成 谷氨酸和氨生成无毒的谷氨酰胺经血液运输到肾脏再分解成谷氨酸和氨 Nitrogen can also be transported as glutamine. Glutamine synthetase catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and NH4 + in an ATP-dependent reaction: ☆鸟氨酸循环 (Urea Cycle) 肝脏中二分子氨和一分子二氧化碳生成一分子尿素的环式代谢途径 The nitrogens of glutamine can be converted into urea in the liver. The Urea Cycle Begins with the Formation of Carbamoyl Phosphate The urea cycle begins with the coupling of free NH4 + with HCO3 - to form carbamoyl phosphate. The synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate, though a simple molecule, is complex, comprising three steps, all catalyzed