论技术发展中创新与优化与关系.docVIP

论技术创新 任海英 （北京工业大学经济与管理学院，北京 100124） 摘要：在对技术发展的研究中，创新与优化经常被区别对待甚至对立起来。本文通过对优化概念的辨析，将传统的最优化的概念拓展为人们对系统的所有改进活动;因此技术创新可以表述为一类由多主体共同参与的、复杂的动态优化过程。每个主体都受自己目标的驱使，在各自资源约束下，通过个体和交互的优化行为不断突破资源约束和目标，以创造更好的新的产品、过程和服务。将技术创新与优化相结合有助于对创新进行更为定量和形式化的描述和分析。 关键词：技术创新；优化；多主体系统 中图分类号：F062.4 Relation of Innovation and Optimization in Technology Development REN Haiying (Economics and Management School, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124) Abstract: In the study of technology development, innovation and optimization are often distinguished or even considered opposite. This paper discusses the concept of optimization, and generalizes it to include all human activities that attempt to improve systems. Hence technology innovation can be interpreted as a class of complex multi-actor dynamic optimization processes. Each actor is constantly trying to maximize his or her objectives subject to current individual resource constraints by means of both independent searches and cooperation and competition with other actors. Gradually the constraints are loosened and objectives are improved by the joint efforts, and new technologies, products, processes and services are constantly created. The unification of the two concepts promotes better quantitative description and analysis of innovation. Keywords: technological innovation; optimization; multi-agent system 一、引言 the successful production, assimilation and exploitation of novelty in the economic and social spheres)。”在对创新的研究中，技术创新是研究最早最成熟的领域。然而笔者发现技术创新的研究中“优化”。事实上，创新与优化经常被甚至对立起来。一些学者认为创新与优化有着质的区别，优化只是将已有的加以量改进，(incremental innovation)，而“真正”的根本性创新(radical innovation)则是创建崭新的事。Deb和Srinivasan提出了一种“Innovization”（创新优化）的设计方法周述琴等从将技术创新的环境看作一个社会生态系统，并用生态学的方法对新兴技术的演化主体、环境和演化动力机制进行了初步探讨。用遗传算法技术创新、“优化”概念的溯源和辨析 为了将技术创新与优化之间的关系说楚，首先对优化这一概念做明确的界定。“优化”一词来自“最优化”(optimization)。最优化在经典的运筹学和控制理论等学科中有着明确的数学含义，它概括了从建立模型、搜索最优解直到应用最优解的全过程。最优化理论中有的三个核心概念：决策变量、目标函数和约束条件。决策变量是人们所能控制的、也就是用于改造世界的变量。目标函数是关于决策变量的价值函数，是最优化的目的。决策变量不能随意选取，而是具有一些约束条件。满足所有约束条件的决策变量取值称为可