十二、高寒冻土与融冻效应.pdfVIP

十二、高寒冻土与融冻效应 青藏高原平均海拔高度大于4500m，具有特殊的大陆高寒气候环境，以低温、干燥、空 气稀薄、昼夜温差大、紫外线强为特征。唐古拉山以南地区年平均气温约7°C~8°C，冬季平 均气温约−4°C 。唐古拉山以北地区年平均气温仅为−4°C~−5°C ，冬季平均气温约为 −10°C~−15°C 。在青藏高原北部的寒冬季节，白天气温低达−20°C~−35°C ，夜晚气温低达 −30°C~−40°C 。在气候条件如此严酷的高寒环境，晚更新世—全新世曾发育分布范围更广的 多期融冻变形；现今青藏高原南部发育季节性冻土，青藏高原北部发育厚达百余米的常年冻 土，青藏高原中部（安多—扎加藏布）发育规模不等、厚薄不均的岛状冻土。冻土导致地表 不同程度的融冻变形，形成不同类型和不同规模的冰丘，产生路面裂缝、起伏变形及路基滑 塌（吴珍汉等，2003d ，2003e ；Wu et al., 2004 ）。 PART 12 PERMAFROST AND ITS FREEZING-THAWING EFFECTS The Tibetan Plateau has an average elevation of 4500m and special climatic environment characterized by severe cold weather and big temperature difference between day and night and among different seasons with annual average temperature of 7ºC~8ºC. Average temperature in winter is nearly −4ºC in south Tibetan Plateau and −10ºC~−15°C in north Tibetan Plateau with lowest temperatures of −20°C~−35°C in day time and −30°C~−40°C at night in severe cold winter. Such special climate condition resulted in seasonal freezing in south Tibtan Plateau and permafrost as thick as 100m in north Tibetan Plateau, and heterogeneous perennial freezing forms in middle Tibetan Plateau from Amdo to south of Tanggula Mts. Freezing-thawing of permafrost north Tibetan Plateau causes heterogeneous deformation, surface fracture and pingo, soil slide, giving rise to geological hazards of different types (Wu et al., 2003d, 2003e, 2004). And widespread freezing deformation occurred at least in as early as glacia-stages of Quaternary, especially Late Pleistocene-Holocene. 图142 昆仑山南麓分支地震破裂切割现代冻土 （镜头向北东东） Fig.142 View east northeastward at seismic fracture cutting permafrost in south of Kunlun Mts. 典尚设计-路桥效果图、三维动画 图143 风火山钻探岩心揭示冻土结构组成