语法与词汇 专项讲座.ppt

9 动词的时态 9.1在由when, if, after, before, although, as soon as, because, as, even if, in case, though, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, wherever, by the time等引导的状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 [示例] a. By the time you get back, great changes will have taken place in this area. b. Even if it rains in the afternoon, I will go downtown with you. 9.2 现在进行时除表示动作现在正在进行外，还可表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作或即将开始的动作，常用的动词有：go, leave, arrive, come, meet, return, start, stay, stop, do, give, have, pay, join, punish, spend, sleep, take, die, publish等。 [示例] a. I’m going to catch a train. It’s leaving at half past seven. b. Hurry up. The plane is taking off in half an hour. 9.3 由by, by the time of, by the end of, until, up to等引导的时间状语，其主句谓语多用完成时，用过去完成时，现在完成时还是将来完成时取决于by, by the time of, by the end of, until, up to等后所接的时间点，当时间点为过去时间时，主句谓语用过去完成时，当时间点为现在时间时，主句谓语用现在完成时，当时间点为将来时间时，主句谓语用将来完成时。 [示例] a. By seven o’clock yesterday, we had arrived at the airport. b. He had lived in London until 1999. c. Up to now, we haven’t received any news from her. d. By 2050, scientists surely will have discovered a cure for AIDS. 9.4 由since引导的时间状语，其所修饰的谓语多用完成时或完成进行时。 [示例] a. I have worked here since I graduated from college. b. He said he had been writing since two o’clock that morning. c. It has been snowing every day since last Sunday. d. They have begun a new course since yesterday. [注] 如果强调动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直到说话人说话这一时间点还在进行而且还有可能继续下去，则动词需用完成进行时。如上例b, c. 9.5 过去完成时用在有hardly/scarcely … when …, no sooner … than …等结构的句子中。 [示例] a. Hardly had the teacher come into the classroom when the students stopped talking. b. No sooner had he come than she left. 9.6 发生在过去动作之前的动作用过去完成时。 [示例] a. She told me her name after I had asked her twice. b. The light had taken off before I reached the airport. 9.7 “It is (was, will be) the first time that …”结构中的从句谓语要求用完成时。it可用this, that等代替；firs也可以用其他的序数词来代替；time还可以由其他表示时间概念的名词代替。从句谓语的完成形式由前面的动词决定。 [示例] a. That was the second time I had been abroad. b. Is this the first time you’ve come to Ch