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Supplementary Table 1 Approximate risks of long-term disruption of natural environments from spills of transgenic algae. The risk must be compared to that of the respective wild type. TraitGene or gene productsExample Refs.A. TRANSFORMED WITH PLATFORM DOMESTICATION TRAITS THAT INCREASE YIELD, ROBUSTNESS, AND RELIABILITY.Toxins for resistance to algal contamination – high potential riskAlgal toxinsVarious – most yet unknown[1-3]Herbicide resistance for resistance to algal contamination – probably minimal environmental risk, no selective advantage in natural circumstancesGlyphosateCP4 epsp synthase[4]Glufosinatephosphinothricin acetyl transferase (pat, bar)[5]Fluorochloridonephytoene desaturase (pds)[6]e.g. Sulfometuronacetolactate synthase (als, ahas)[7]Butafenacilprotoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (ppo)[6]Resistance to bacteria/fungi – moderate to high potential risk – selective advantageantimicrobial proteinse.g. lactoferricin[8-10]Resistance to viruses - risk moderate to high if susceptible to virusesRNAi or overexpressionspecific pieces of viral DNA or cDNA[11, 12]Resistance to zooplankton – risk moderate to high – selective advantageProtozoansantimicrobial peptides[13, 14]sea liceavermectin pathway genes[15] Maximum culture density – probably low riskNo quorum sensinganti-apoptosis genes[16, 17]Maximum growth – risk variable depending on what limits growth in natural ecosystemssmaller PSII antennaetla1 gene[18] systems/synthetic biology enhancementlight reactions[19] dark reactions[20]broadened photosynthetic action spectrumred shifted chlorophyll f[21]Competitive nutrient acquisition various[22]heat tolerancepsbA as well as various polygenes[23-25]Inability to grow in natural ecosystems – potential risk mitigation genescultivation in high CO2Δ carbonic anhydrase[26-28]Δ adenylyl cyclases[29]cultivation on urea or ammoniumΔ nitrate/nitrate reductase[28, 30] cultivation in high CO2Partially suppressed Rubisco[27, 31, 32] Suppress active uptake of specific required mi