英语语言学导论---Practical Course in Linguistics____ 8-13.ppt

Lecture 8 The use of English （I） Review What do we mean by “prototype”? Use an example to illustrate. How do you understand the following book title? Women, Fire and Dangerous Things (George Lakoff 1987) Appreciate 老音乐好听， 旧钞票会升值， 老朋友最能信任， 谁说旧的没有新的好？ -- 胖仔物语 How is this ballad semantically interesting? Major contents 8.1 Pragmatic approach to language 8.2 Deictic expressions 8.3 Speech act theory 8.4 Presupposition 8.1 Pragmatic approach to language Pragmatics is the study of meaning in use meaning in context speaker meaning contextual meaning Pragmatics studies communication (utterance production and comprehension) from a functional (i.e. social, cultural, cognitive) perspective. Semantics vs pragmatics Semanticism: semantics includes pragmatics Pragmaticism: pragmatics includes semantics Complementarism: semantics studies meaning in the abstract; pragmatics studies meaning in the context/use. Mean and Say ‘It wasn’t what he said, but what he meant.’ ‘Then you should say what you mean’, the March Hare went on. ‘I do, Alice hastily replied; ‘at least – at least I mean what I say – that’s the same thing, you know.’ ‘Not the same thing a bit’, said the Hatter. “You might just as well say that ‘I see what I eat’ is the same thing as ‘I eat what I see’!” “You might just as well say,” added the March Hare, “that ‘I like what I get’ is the same thing as ‘I get what I like’!” “You might just as well say,” added the Dormouse … “that ‘I breathe when I sleep’ is the same thing as ‘I sleep when I breathe’!” (Lewis Carroll: Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland) Literal meaning, utterance meaning, speaker meaning I met him yesterday. You’re really friendly. A: Do you like Harry and John? B: I like Harry. 8.2 Deictic ex