汉代小农破产的原因与归宿——兼与罗马小农的比较.pdfVIP

摘要 摘 要 汉代小农的破产，既有自然原因又有社会原因，破产小农最终的出路与归宿也 呈现不同的方式。与汉代基本处于同一时期的古代罗马，由于社会经济的巨大变化， 也有许多小农纷纷失业破产。本文以破产小农为突破口，通过分析汉代及罗马小农 破产的原因和归宿，试图探究其规律性及差异性，以期对历史上的小农问题有更深 入的认识。 全文分五个部分： 第一部分为绪论，涉及小农概念的界定、学术史的回顾、研究方法和本文的研 究意图。 第二部分，论述汉代小农破产的原因，认为自然灾害、土地兼并、赋役繁重、 吏制不良、商业资本及高利贷盘剥和战乱破坏是汉代小农破产的六大原因，并归纳 破产后小农的出路主要有沦为流民、移民、雇佣农民和雇佣兵、依附农、奴婢或“盗 贼”六种形式。 第三部分，分析罗马小农破产的原因，主要有战争破坏、土地兼并、包税商及 高利贷的盘剥、廉价商品的销售和税收及劳役负担过重等，而破产后小农的出路则 有五种形式，即成为流氓无产者、成为雇佣兵、成为起义者、成为隶农或移民到行 省及殖民地。 第四部分，探讨汉代与罗马破产小农的异同，着重分析其地理、历史和文化上 的差异性。 第五部分是结论，简要总结全文。 关键词：汉代；罗马；小农破产；原因 I Abstract Abstract The problems of peasants’ bankruptcy emerged in Han Dynasty with a varying degree. The reasons for the phenomena were varied and ranged from natural factors to social factors. There were different outlets for the bankrupt farmers. In the same period, ancient Rome faced tremendous socioeconomic changes. Tens of thousands of peasants had lost their lands. This article is an attempt to analyze the causes of Han Dynasty and ancient Rome’s peasants’ bankruptcy, discuss their outlets, in order to find out the comparability and diversity. To understand the peasants’ difference intensively between East and West, I write the article. The article consists of five parts: Part Ⅰ is the introduction, which includes the study situations about the peasants in Han Dynasty and ancient Rome, some conceptions, research methods and purposes. Part Ⅱ discusses the causes of peasants bankruptcy in Han Dynasty produced, including nature disaster, land annexation, heavy taxation and forced