2015年IMO试题及解答.docVIP

IMO2011试题及解答 第一天，2011年7月18日，星期一 1.对任意由4个不同正整数组成的集合，记，设是满足整除的数对的个数．求所有由4个不同正整数组成的集合，使得达到最大值． All the possible divisibilities are , , and . Now, assume without loss of generality . Then the cases and are easily got rid of. And let us try to make . We have . Now, we still have . Let . Then rearranging gives and so, and hence, . Indeed, if . Then by the conditions , we have . So, . Now, consider the condition . This gives . Let . Rearranging gives . If , then and if , 2.设是平面上包含至少两个点的一个有限点集，其中没有三点在同一条直线上．所谓一个“风车”是指这样一个过程：从经过中单独一点的一条直线开始，以为旋转中心顺时针旋转，直至首次遇到中的另一点，记为点．接着这条直线以为新的旋转中心顺时针旋转，直到再次遇到中的某一点，这样的过程无限持续下去．证明：可以适当选取中的一点，以及过的一条直线，使得由此产生的“风车”将中的每一点都无限多次用作旋转中心． To each oriented straight line meeting in exactly one point , associate the pair of numbers of points from , other than , lying on its right side, respectively left side (clearly ). Our goal is to exhibit such a (fixed) pair that to each point (called anchor) corresponds some distinguished line with . Then starting the windmill on one of these lines will fulfill the requirements, since except at the moment of changing pivots (when the line of the windmill passes through two points), the pair associated to the windmill line stays (this is easily seen, by the very movement of the windmill). As said above, when the windmill line becomes parallel (and similarly oriented) with one of the distinguished lines, it will have to pass through its anchor point (because of the count of points given by ).Thus, there is nothing magic about having a balanced pair ; for a convex formation we can use a pair; for a square containing a point (other than its centre) we can use a pair. However, a pair known to exist for all points of is precisely such a balanced pair, by discrete continuity arguments.In fact the first paragraph even provides a way to measure the correctness of a different approach. Clearly, the lines of every windmill will (except at changing pivots) share a same pair , so for each of the points of there must exis