封建租佃关系对近代江苏棉种改良工作的制约 2.docVIP

封建租佃制度对近代江苏棉种改良工作的制约 刘 阳 （复旦大学历史系，上海 200433） 摘要：马若孟、赵冈等人认为租佃关系并非阻碍中国农业近代化的因素。本文以近代江苏棉种改良工作为例，对此提出质疑。作者认为，佃农因从分租中获益甚少，而不愿种植种子价高且需肥量大的美棉；包租使佃农单独承担田间风险，他们只好因循守旧、继续种植更适宜间作、复种的中棉，以降低收益风险；缴租时限迫使佃农选择种植成熟期短的中棉；由于从正产物中所获甚少，佃农只好种植可以提供更多副产物和副产品的中棉，简言之，租佃关系极大地制约了该地区棉种改良工作的顺利进行。因而，马、赵等人的观点颇值得商榷。 关键词：租佃关系；农业改良；美棉；江苏 How the Feudal Tenaney System Constrained the Cotton Variety Improvement Program in Modern Jiangsu Liu Yang (Faculty of History, Fudan University, 200433) Abstract：Some famous economic historians such as Ramon H. Myers and Gang Zhao hold the opinion that the tenaney system was not one of the factors hindering the Chinese agriculture modernization. This paper adopted a different point of view taking the cotton variety improvement in modern Jiangsu as an example. The author considers the following aspects: The tenants gained so little from their share of the land rent that they were not willing to grow Gossypium hirsutum L. which needs more expensive seeds and more fertilizers; The tenants on fixed rents took all the field risks and, as a result , they had to stick to the traditional way and grow the local cotton which is more suitable for intercropping and multiple cropping; Time limit in rent payment forced the tenents to choose local cotton which has relatively shorter maturation period; In order to make up for the small profits gained from their primary produce, the tenants had to grow local cotton which brings more by-products. In short, the tenaney contract constrained to a large extent the progress of cotton variety improvement program in the Jiangsu area. Therefore, it is worth reviewing the opinion of Myers and Zhao. Key Words the landlord-tenant relationship;agricultural improvement; Gossypium hirsutum L.; Jiangsu province 迄今未止尚未有学者从封建租佃关系的角度，研究近代农业品种改良收效甚微的原因。本文拟以地租对近代江苏地区棉种改良工作的制约为个案，来弥补这一缺憾。 文中的江苏包括抗战前夕的上海、南京两市和奉贤等江苏省属61县；地租形态仅指分租和包租，不包括力役租；租佃关系仅指除永佃田外的私有土地上地主、富农（文中合称为田主）与佃农之间的租佃关系。 由于近代江苏从事棉种改良的大致原因和过程蒋国宏、章楷、任旭杰等人已有论述，本文在此不再赘述。 一 地租形态 据1922—1925年间金陵大学农林