1.4-5 集合.pptVIP

Deren Chen, Zhejiang Univ. 1.4 集合 Sets 集合/ Sets: As a collection of some objects DEFINITION 1. The objects in a set are also called the elements, or members, of the set. A set is said to contain its elements. EXAMPLE 1 The set V of all vowels in the English alphabet can written as ---- EXAMPLE 2 The set O of odd positive integers less than 10 can be expressed by DEFINTION 2. Two sets are equal if and only if they have the same elements. Presented as A=B otherwise A ? B EXAMPLE 5 The sets {1, 3, 5} and {3, 5, 1} are equal, since they have the same elements. Note that the order in which the elements of a set are listed does not matter. Note also that it does not matter if an element of a set is listed more than once, so that {1, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5} is the same as the set {1, 3, 5} since they have the same elements. 1、集合中的元素互异 2、集合中的元素无次序和大小之分 3、集合中的元素不一定同类 4、集合中的元素也可以是集合 DEFINITION 3. The set A is said to be a subset of B if and only if every element of A is also an element of B. We use the notation A?B to indicate that A is a subset of the set B. The set A is said to be a proper subset of B if A?B and there is a?B and a?A 定理1：A = B 当且仅当 A ? B ? B ? A DEFINITION 3. The set U is said to be a universal set : U = {x | x?P(x) V ?(x ?P(x) )} 全集 DEFINITION 4. Let S be a set. If there are exactly n distinct elements in S where n is a nonnegative integer, we say that S is a finite set and that n is the cardinality of S. The cardinality of S is denoted by ∣S∣. EXAMPLE 7 Let A be the set of odd positive integers less than 10. Then ︱A︱ = EXAMPLE 8 Let S be the set of letters in the English alphabet. Then ︱S︱= EXAMPLE 9 Since the null set has no elements, it follows that ︱ ︱ = DEFINITION 5. A set is said to be infinite if it is not finite. EXAMPLE 10 The set of positive integers is infinite. DEFINITION 6. Given a set S, the power set of S is the set of all subsets of the set S. The power